Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

commerce Ethics - Essay ExampleIn this social construct, the idea that a female gains power inwardly the public sphere is a threat to the male gender, thus creating a hesitation that still exists in todays world. According to Eagley and Carli, the problem of barriers to the conduct positions in both politics and in incorporate environments is evident in the statistics that are available. They reveal that only 6% of the pinch positions in corporations on the probability 500 list belong to women with only 2% holding the position of CEO. Only 15% of the position on the board of directors of these companies are held by women. The problem does not only exist in the united States, but can be found throughout the world as exampled by the European marriage in which only 11% of the top executives and 4% of the CEOs are women within the top 50 companies. Fortunes Global 500 has a showing of only 1% of the top positions held by women (105). The problem is glaring obvious through the wo rldwide statistics, making this not only an American problem, but a global issue. The metaphors that tell the story of the female experience in the work squelch within the United States suggest the fight that has gone on throughout the generations. The fight begins with the domestic ideologies, the philosophies of the distinguish place for male and female genders within the world.

Fiscal Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Fiscal Policy - Essay deterrent exampleExcess of government activity expenditure over revenue is called the fiscal deficit. Managing the budget to adjust revenues, expenditures and public debt atomic number 18 necessary for achieving full employment without inflation at least it is a balancing act with such intentions on the part of the government. When the economy is in a downtrend, the need for compensatory spending by the government arises. In that case, it should be a deficit budget, and on the other hand, during times of stability and growth, the surplus budget is preferred. If the government aims full employment, which in turn is expected to reduce the level unemployment benefits given to people, budgetary balance carries little importance in the governments policies. the presidents proposals generate a federal deficit of $900 billion in fiscal 2013. If it is verified, that would be Americas first deficit of less than $1 trillion since the 2008 fiscal year. It would also meet a reduction in the deficit, as a share of GDP, from 8.5% to 5.5% (R.A., 2012). There are multifarious factors at play which determines the fiscal deficit and subjoin in government debt. The decrease in tax revenues and increase in public expenditure causes budget deficits which lead to increase in public debt. Increase in public borrowing by the government sucks the liquidity in the economy, and therefore, this should be effectively used as a tool to combat inflation and regulate the speed of the growth to avoid overheating in the economy.

Final project - brief therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final project - brief therapy - probe ExamplePsycINFO PsycINFO , from the American Psychological Association (APA), contains nearly 2.4 million citations and summaries of scholarly ledger articles, book chapters, books, and dissertations, exclusively in psychology and related disciplines, dating as far back as the 1800s. 98 part of the covered material is peer-reviewed. Journal coverage, which spans 1887 to present, includes international material selected from more than 2,200 periodicals in more than 27 languages.PsycARTICLES PsycARTICLES, from the American Psychological Association (APA), is a definitive source of full-text, peer-reviewed scholarly and scientific articles in psychology. The database contains more than 100,000 articles from 59 journals - 48 published by the American Psychological Association (APA) and 11 from allied organizations. It includes all journal articles, letters to the editor and errata from each journal. Coverage spans 1894 to present.The researcher searched for full text materials on design Therapy and 536 matches came out. The prototypical three matches that came out spoke of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT). On reading the first article, the researcher got interested in this argona of Brief therapy and decided to limit research to SFBT. Using the keywords Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, 92 matches came out. The researcher selected articles on the general application of SFBT to younger clients of therapy, and that meant children and youth.Upon reading the above-mentioned articles, the researcher got to understand the philosophy and concepts behind Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, and its promising contributions to the field of Brief Therapy. The authors claim that literature on SFBT is growing, as more and more counselors are vouching for its effectiveness as a short-term therapy program. Such claims and the foundations from which it spring forth shall be discussed in that detail in Part 2 of this

Future of Japanese Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Future of japanese Economy - testify ExampleThough, very soon they recovered it with 10% average of economic growth in 1960s, 5% during 1970s and closer to 4% in 1980s, but after that, growth slowed down remarkably3. Strong running(a) mentality, good government-industry relationship and implementation of advanced technology were the most favorable reasons responsible for making japan stand on to the platform of one of the largest economy in the world from post WWII till 80s. issue of overinvestment in late 80s and crisis in world oil supply brought another challenge to their economy4. It became necessary for Japan to switch from mobilized productionism to more substantial welfare economy. However, the oscillation between successful drive of the export in late 80s and bang in economy after 80s hazed that requirement and mobilized economic system disappeared very soon5. later on the fading away of stock inflation and land prices, an excess of production capacity re principal(preno minal)ed. This factor lower the profitability of the production and on the other hand, bad loan weakened the financial activity. Governments effort in recovering that downfall was not up to that level and its clear from the statistics of economy for the duration of 2000-20016. Hence, it is inferred that Japan is in a state of distorted industrial policy and in urgent need of a revolution. The main aim of this paper is to address the main obstacles that Japan is facing and then to state the possible solutions to overtake them. Obstacles in Japanese EconomyJapan is facing resistances now-a-days that it had never encountered before. Growth rate which used to be in two digit figure just after war, now expectation growth is below 1% which is too unsure. Country that had incredible unemployment rate till 1980s has now rose to 4.8%. act crisis of its economy consists of short or middle-term problems like financial difficulty, trade cycle and public finance. Other than that prospicient t erm problems are there which are related to going into matured stage of progress. One of the all important(predicate) aspects of Japanese economy is its iron triangle which dominated the people by managing their particular interests. However, due to the ever-changing of technologies and human preferences that system is losing its supremacy. After 1990s when the economy condition is at matured stage, safety and stableness becomes the main points of concern but iron triangle7 sometimes might block the transformation in the required direction. The earth of societal life is supposed to be the center of long term task of Japanese economic society. The population of Japan is expected to reach its peak in 2007 and then turn to decrease which may lead to the composition of population over sixty-five to surpass 20% in the target course of the total population and after that reach the high plateau over 27%-30% after 20 years. This effects the shifting in arrangement of consumption in indu stries. But, the question here comes whether pure grocery economy will be able to adapt this shift in consumption as marketplace is driven by profit seeking

The departed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The departed - Essay ExampleWell, the three characters involve in wrong demeanor patterns driven by factors such(prenominal) as legal moralism, codes of conduct, universal responsibility, egotismism, free will, and determinism. The discussion foc functions on such factors in the two protagonists (police agent and the undercover police agent), reasons for corruption in the criminal justice system, how to use critical thinking in enforcing the law, and the necessity to differentiate between morality and ethics. Scorsese uses glowing money shots relating them to the cite characters, to create an outstanding theme, and categorize these characters. The major theme in the story relates to the characters attitude towards money, which molds the behavior for severally character (Sickels, 2011). In addition, he retains the viewers attention through matching on the context and implementing blurry backgrounds. The shots taken with the story, the angle by which the producer took, and the gl owing film background pointing the major characters, nightstick Costigan and Colin Sullivan, whom the story revolves around, all assist in enhancing the storyline. More so, the story is all about the two parlay police agents, Colin and he-goat, assigned to infiltrate the enemy camp of the other, which creates captivating actions. It is right to state that the story is incorrupt regardless the fact that it is recent intersectionion. The plot is full of linear chronology, with limited or no flashbacks, because severally action and plot precedes continuously in a forward motion (Sickels, 2011). Complete closure is bare at the ending of the story the police kills all the bad agents without leaving a single of them. Consequently, Billy receives a respectful burial, memorable speech and several gunshots. Nevertheless, it is easy to categorize the characters into stereotypes. The three main characters featuring in the movie function symbolically in terms of the Superego, Ego and Id, while taking note that the ego behavior structure itself is self-permeable and fluid. Francis Costello, the key antagonist pretends to be the mafia boss. He acts in all unethical behaviors starting from trading illegal and illicit properties while at the same time teaching unethical behavior of the mafia members (Schoeffmann, et al., 2011). For instance, a statement in the story states his teaching to a young son from the neighboring village, You have to take what you want in life. Costello is a perfect example of pure Id because he enacts his urges and primal drives without much remorse, reflection or restraint (Sickels, 2011). At the beginning of the story, it is evident of him stating I never wanted to be a product of my environment. I want my environment to be a product of me. The audience soon grabs the idea of the naughty guys and the good guys, as well as, the crooked cop after(prenominal) watching the movie (Monaco, 2010). The objectives of the key character come out clearl y in the movie Colin has the want of getting successful and rich he desires to stay as close as possible to the situation croup, which is evident in the way he fascinates with the State House. For instance, the story shows an incidence when he gazes at the seat for some time, after the greatest football game (Wernblad, 2010).. Consequently, a colleague,

Situation analysis in marketing planing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Situation compend in marketing planing - Essay Example?.. 4 tradeing commixture elements 5 The customers . 6 Unique Value Proposition 6 External Analysis . 7 The Market Extent .. 7 Competitor Analysis .. 7 The Economic surroundings .. 8 Technology Environment .. 8 SWOT Analysis . 9 Conclusion . ... As Armstrong and Kotler (2005, p. 6) stressed, marketing deals with customers more than any other business function and therefore building customer relationship ground on customer cherish and satisfaction is at the very heart of modern marketing. This melodic theme presents a brief report based on the marketing analysis of the Pizza restaurant, to be located in capital of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia. This piece of paper relates to various marketing concepts and principles such as marketing vision, marketing mix, customer analysis, internal and external analysis and marketing strategies with regard to Pizza Restaurant. Situation Analysis (Internal to the company) Companys mission, objectives and growth strategies The Pizza Restaurant aims to contribute to human needs by delivering quality pizza-foods and drinks and to enhance healthier food and joyful surround to help its customers find their entertainment needs to be satisfied. Armstrong and Kotler (2005, p. 42) emphasized that a statement of an organizations purpose- a mission statement- must be able to define the business in terms of fit basic customer needs. For Pizza Restaurant, its customers are rich hippies and business or other professionals from Riyadh who come to meet their needs of hunger, thirst, joy and leisure entertainment. Company will value their needs, their responses and their varying requirements and therefrom it will design different services and quality multi-cultural organic food items in order to requite its customers. Main objectives of the company are establishing customer focus strategy, maintaining customer loyalty, ensuring long-term profitability and thus achieving sustainabl e competitive advantages. In order these objectives to be achieved, the

The influence factors that affect to the Thai consumers' decision on Dissertation

The influence factors that affect to the Thai consumers decisiveness on online obtain - language Example2). Customers are seen as kings in their own accord as their behaviors in purchases are low-level on the preaching given by sellers. Moreover customers preferences and needs influence the suppliers production practices in that suppliers would not supply the goods that pick out lower reception within the market and thus customers say proves supreme. The supremacy of the consumers is not only explained through the fact that it is through the consumer that the producers remain in business and make their gains. As a king is peculiar(a) in how he is to be handled, a customers in a like mode requires proper treatment in order to sustain them. Online customers require treating closely through good treatment in order to retain them for their own benefits or that of the suppliers. Despite the emergence and embrace of online trading avenues as discussed above, there are ongoing debat es concerning the effectiveness of online practices as compared to the physical retail trade. The supporters of physical shopping causation that shopping from physical outlets is easy and entails little logistics as compared to the internet buying. Online shopping or trade is exceedingly acknowledged from the spheres of debate that it provides a customer with an opportunity to access easily and exchange notes on heterogeneous products in order to make informed decisions. Besides, time and resources are saved over the internet as one would access the items from the comfort of own office. Cultural orientation, proficiency in internet use as well as institutional frameworks would best explain the factors that influence personal decision to engage in online trade. This paper focuses critically on reasons and factors that influence the stack of Thailand to engage in online trade through special attention on influencing factors such as level of literacy, awareness campaigns, cultural values as well as government policies. Besides, the experience in using online shopping means by the Thai people would be instrumental in influencing the current as well as future tendencies in shopping from internet. For instance, fast moving beauty products for the women or female genders may record better reception as compared to other products for the opposite gender. Much of the past studies that have addressed the topic of online shopping and factors that influence the decisions have confined much attention to the risks perceived while engaging in online purchasing habits. Emphases have been that the risks as identified all over the world go a long way in influencing the decisions as well as behaviors of consumers through online purchasing. However, a new dimension of looking to the online shopping is through considering the benefits that take with the practice. The world has increasingly been embracing technological advancement especially concerning internet use through dive rsify platforms such as through computer systems as well as through mobile telephones. This in effect has been claimed to have influence on perceptions of individuals concerning online business transactions. This show therefore focuses on and considers main factors of consumers decision on online shopping as regards to the people of Thailand. It will show the difficulty for applying the result to solve problem with Thailands online shopping system for improvement and development in the future. However, the question that will guide our study is what influence factors affect the Thai consumers

Medical School Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medical School Personal Statement - Essay subjectThe doctors who cared for my sire willingly spent their breaks with me, a frightened and conf exampled seven-year-old. They sat with me and allowed me to share with them my thoughts. They patiently explained to me what my mother was going through. It is this communication and interaction that I remember vividly. It was then that I knew my world would eventually assume around this higher calling of service.As I look ahead to the next step in my intellectual and professional maturation, I am certain that Notre Dames program aligns perfectly with my expected value and skills because of your mission of producing pass bylent clinicians who also possess a strong desire to serve God and Humanity. I am eager to attend a medical school that would prepare me for service. Notre Dame does not and teach theory and practice besides goes a step further in ensuring the holistic development of its doctors. Further training to hone skills not on ly in clinical science, technical skills, and research but also in ethics, humanities and philosophy. Thus molding doctors to be compassionate and knowledgeable of his social, moral and respectable obligations to the larger Christian community. This is the learning and training that I desire. It would be the utmost privilege to be beneath the tutelage of this institution. An institution that shares my vision of what a doctor should be.At the present time, my goal is to prepare myself to use my God-given talents, training and intelligence to make a positive impact on the lives of those in need. Working in different healthcare settings has reaffirmed my belief that I possess the qualities of honesty, dedication, intelligence and willingness to serve that will make me excel as a medical student at Notre Dame and, ultimately, as a doctor. Medicine involves service. go is making a sacrifice, denying oneself in

Half the Sky Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Half the Sky Movement - Essay ExampleBreakthrough is an memorial tablet that is committed to engage with fury against women in the society. The arranging defines inner violence as all meets ranging from assault from partners, early marriages, awarding killings and rape. Sexual Violence is viewed as a encroachment of human rights to a safe environment. It is seen as an recognise that causes women to be insecure while living on earth. The organization views cozy violence as an act that keeps women from contributing fully to the economy of the community. The organization states that the key reason as to why women are go about with such traumatizing issues is simply because they are women. They are seen as little of a value compared to men. Research withal shows that the level of education in women is less than that in women and thus, the grammatical gender difference. Thus, the organization states that the only way in which women can stop sexual abuse is self-empowerment. Women should equip themselves with education and skills such that the community lead puddle that they are of value to the economy. This way, they will be able to earn respect from members of the opposite sex and be able to reduce cases of sexual violence.Equality Now is an organization that is based in New York which mainly deals with sociable issues modify the lives of women. The organization also has a branch in Kenya that mainly targets at helping women who die hard from gender-based issues in Africa. Equality Now classifies a number of practices as sexual violence.... The organization defines sexual violence as all acts ranging from assault from partners, early marriages, honor killings and rape. Sexual Violence is viewed as a violation of human rights to a safe environment. It is seen as an issue that causes women to be insecure while living on earth. The organization views sexual violence as an act that keeps women form contributing fully to the economy of the community. T he organization states that the key reason as to why women are faced with such traumatizing issues is simply because they are women. They are seen as less of a value compared to men. Research also shows that the level of education in women is less than that in women and thus, the gender difference (CIA, 2012). Thus, the organization states that the only way in which women can stop sexual abuse is self-empowerment. Women should equip themselves with education and skills such that the community will realize that they are of value to the economy. This way, they will be able to earn respect from members of the opposite sex and be able to reduce cases of sexual violence (Breakthrough Organization, 1). Equality Now is an organization that is based in New York which mainly deals with social issues affecting the lives of women. The organization also has a branch in Kenya that mainly targets at helping women who suffer from gender based issues in Africa. Equality Now, classifies a number of practices as sexual violence. For instance, gang raping, sexual assault, electric razor marriages and bride kidnapping. The organization views sexual violence as being a result of inequality in women. Therefore, the organization mainly works to end such acts through promotion of equality among women. According to the organization, equality mingled with

Decline in union membership in the U.S Research Paper

Decline in union membership in the U.S - Research Paper ExampleThe pattern is irreversible, and it is unlikely that unions, as they exist, can survive the gathering stinting storms. A History of Confrontation and Concession The history of labor unions in the United States can be traced as far back as 1765 and the Daughters of Liberty, a womens administrational stem who, through their making of cloth and other goods at home, supported the Revolutionary War movement. The first manly trade unions formed in the late 18th century, and women workers began organizing in earnest in the 1820s. In general, and tally to most trade union historians, the movement as a national power evolved after the well-bred War with the National drudge Union (NLU) as the first federation of local groups, followed by its successors, the Knights of tote and the American Federation of Labor (AFL), still powerful and active today. An offshoot, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or the Wobblies) came to creation in the early twentieth century, often using violence to promote the cause of unskilled workers (History of U.S. Labor Unions, 2010, par 3). ... (AFL-CIO), which according to its official site now boasts 12.2 million members-- teachers and miners, firefighters and farm workers, bakers and engineers, pilots and public employees, doctors and nurses, painters and plumbers (AFL-CIO, 2011, About Us, par. 2). some other groups over time lay down become part of the matrix, including public sector employees in hospitals, postal workers, municipal workers police and fireman. Counterbalancing unions in existence in the public sector, union membership today in the clannish sector has fallen under 8%--levels not seen since 1932 (History of U.S. Labor Unions, 2010, par. 5) due to lack of interest, illegal workers and doubtlessly workers who are fearful of loosing jobs in a progressively diminishing job market. Outsourcing as a lend issue can not be discounted. As Dubofsky and Dull es (2004) found, the forces of economic liberalization, capital mobility, and globalization have affected measurably the material standard of living enjoyed by workers in the United States (p. ix). Pros and Cons of Unions and Union rank Since the Industrial Revolution, unions havebeen credited with securing improvements in working conditions and wages. Beyond the obvious, in any discussion of unions hotshot of the first points raised is exactly this what are the benefits of unions and how do they represent the interests of the working person? Views are more often than not diverse, depending upon particular experiences and who is making the judgment. For instance, employers who wish more mobility in making economic decisions for their company or organization may find the demands of collective bargaining more than they can absorb, or, more than they are willing to absorb. On the other hand, a good collective bargainer can often come to

Own-race bias Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Own- scarper bias - Research Paper ExampleIn this time, black slaves were considered so different and removed from the aristocratic, land owning class of their owners that their enslavement and torture for centuries was written arrive at as being part of the system. Furthermore, during the Jim Crow era and throughout the passing of the separate but fit legislation, African-Americans in this country were viewed as a concrete, separate racial category not only by many whites, but also by the law itself. In many ways, the separate but disturb Brown v. Board of Education hearing reflects the rigid, concrete, categorical race structures that were prevalent in this country during that time. jural terms like separate but equal give an indication of the way people viewed from privately one other at this time. Obviously, strong categorical race structures dominated the way peers viewed peers. Race would be suck been at the forefront of the way most people viewed each other signly. Be fore peers could say hello, there would apply been a quick, unconscious categorization of the person they were approaching based on their race and the race of the peer. This initial judgment is no different today, but the recent trends in the multicultural population of the United States have given way to blurred categorical race structures. As a system of rigid, concrete race categories is fountaind with individuals whose backgrounds are composed of two or even many of these categories, the way individuals perceive each other is forced to change. When individuals comprise several racial categories, peers cannot make such easy judgments as were make during previous eras. If a peer appears to be from a racial category one considers his or her own, and this equivalent peer also appears to be from a racial category one does not consider his or her own, initial separation judgments are confused. This recent breaking down of categorical race structures has obvious implications on the way humans perceive one another, but how does this change affect human facial depot? The body of literature has shown that social categorization occurs within the early stages of perception, but lasts only briefly (Brewer, 1988) fashioning it difficult to study. One work that helps explain the way humans remember faces is the In-Group and Out-Group Memory model (Pauker, Weisbuch, Ambady, Sommers, Adams, & Ivcevic, 2009). This model explains human facial perception as a categorization based on whether the perceived individual is of the same group as the perceiver. For example, an Asian person may perceive another Asian face as being in-group. Furthermore, Malpass & Kravitz (1969) showed that people have a tendency to have better facial remembrance of faces they classify as in-group, and lower facial memory of faces they classify as out-group (Malpass & Kravitz, 1969) a finding that Pauker and colleagues have shown to be repeated by over 100 studies (Pauker, Weisbuch, Ambady, Somm ers, Adams, & Ivcevic, 2009). The own race bias links individuals in- or out-group categorization of others to individuals facial memories of these others by explaining that people remember faces they categorize as in-group better than faces they catego

Differentiaitng between market structures Essay

Differentiaitng between market structures - Essay poserAn industry with a structure of perfect competition may be seen with a large emergence firms competing for consumers purchase, monopolistic competition has many while few firms atomic number 18 present in an oligopoly and monopoly has only champion. product and vegetable vendors in a marketplace are examples of perfect competition, home products producers like Unilever, Colgate-Palmolive and Procter and Gamble are under monopolistic competition, credit card companies such as Visa, MasterCard and American Express are oligopolists and Microsoft has monopolized the operate system for computers. The number of firms in an industry is dependent to the level or degree of barriers present in the market. A mettlesome level of barrier discourages if not totally eliminate new firms from joining the industry. This is consecutive for oligopoly and monopoly. Barriers like high capital requirements, established loyalty from customers an d collaboration or cartel may disapprove entrance of new or smaller firms. On the different hand, a lower degree to the guide on of absence of barrier may encourage the new entrants. A short competitive market has no barrier at all, prices are set by the market itself and so the competition, price and non-price, is very healthy. A low level is observed in a monopolistic competition causing new firms to be attracted in joining the industry. The level of market former that a firm possesses reflects its control over price. However, this power depends on factors like the numbers of producers, the size of each firm, barriers to institution and the availability of substitute goods. With the existence of superstar or few producers, the power to control the market is automatically granted. The size of the firm relative to the size of the product market can affect its market power. A big firm could possess a small power if it is in a large industry but a small one could refuse a lot of power if it is a small market. The ease or difficulty of entry into an industry limits the ability of a powerful firm to dictate prices and flows of products (Schiller, 2006). If new firms testament be will to enter the market, share in the spoils and succeeded, the market power will also be distributed among the firms in the express market, otherwise the power will remain concentrated in the big players. With the fourth determinant, if there will be substitute goods that customers could avail of, prices will not be set at very high level and so they can decide to switch or choose the closest substitutes. The oligopoly and monopoly both transport substantial power to control the market, from the output production to dictation of prices. Monopolistic competition may hold some but the firms under perfect competition holds no power at all. As in other industries, the market structure of the computer industry has evolved over time. It was never a monopoly, nor was it ever a perfe ct competition (Schiller, 2006). It was more of a monopolistic competition. This market structure is characterized by several sellers producing the same(p) products that are slightly differentiated. Apple Inc. was one of the first companies who dominated this industry. Its success and high profits attracted other producers of microcomputers to imitate them. With the entry of over 250 firms between 1976 and 1983, the industry became more competitive but not perfectly competitive. Prices were pushed downward and products were improved because of the increased

Conflicts In Earnings Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Conflicts In Earnings Management - Essay ExampleEmpirical studies suggest that managers have the lean to report winnings that exceed the forecast of analysts, precisely because negative earnings surprises tend to trigger uncomely market responses and critical judgment of managerial ability and performance. This occurrence leads companies to implement strategies that reduce the likelihood of undershooting expectations of the analysts. several(prenominal) authors have explained that companies may avoid reporting negative earnings in a number of ways. angiotensin converting enzyme of those ways is to apply discretionary accruals in order to manipulate earnings in the positive direction, which is alike referred as accrual based earnings anxiety (Badertscher, et al, 2009 Cohen, Dey & Lys, 2008). Another way is to adopt the real earnings management technique, where managers undertake actual economic actions so as to maintain accounting appearances. Although earnings management techn ique is employed only to meet forecast of the analysts, it entails a fair share of consequences when this technique abused. This fact leads the researcher to comment on accounting fraud, whose occurrences has plagued the world economy significantly. Accounting fraud can be committed by individuals in the form of implementing earnings management techniques frequently or by abusing the germinal accounting methods. There are a number of motives that might compel an individual to take such(prenominal) an action (Das & Kim, 2011). Firstly, companies might resort to account manipulation strategy.

Falling in Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Falling in Love - Essay ExampleI was looking at the most beautiful crescent blue eye with long fringed eyelashes. My solely world had come tumbling down with dazzling starsAre you okay? He had enquired in a deep husky concern that had sent a shiver of excitement down my spine. I was dumbstruck and could nevertheless nod. I could feel my world going round and round. I was staring and then a forgetful coughing woke me up from my stance. The guy was smiling and offered his hand. I took his hand and stood up. I could not look into his eyes for I was still very embarrassed at being caught staring in such a public place He was gently pushed me towards the perfume section and before I could protest, he had bought cardinal bottles of the Chanel 5, one having the smell fragrance as the one which was smashed into thousand pieces and the other one which I had wanted tho could not afford. He then took me for a cup of coffee and I stick out still remember how the hours had flown. It was mut ual love at first sight.Falling in love is fit magic because it completely changes you and makes you feel at the top of the world. You find the things to rejoice in the most weirdest of situations and ring at the drop of a hat. It seems as if the nature rejoices in your happiness and lets you discover things about you that you were never aware of. Indeed, I did not know that I could become a book lover but then I had not met the love of my life It is funny but I had become a highly cheerful and optimist person from the shy individual who would always be looking at the gloomiest fit of things. I wonder if other people also discover whole new world of trusty things when they fall in love.My love had also become my soul mate. He told me much later that he had also experienced the same magical moments and had loved my silence with the same passion as he had loved my voice which he found to be very soothing. He was quite stressed

The Triangle Factory Fire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Triangle Factory Fire - Essay ExampleThis report card explores the Triangle Factory Fire in the context of progressive era in three underlying dimensions workplace safety before and later on the net, response to socioeconomic problems caused by rapid industrialization and the share of stakeholders in law implementation.During 1990s, corporations had no clear workplace safety laws that could direct their operations. After finishing a days work on the March 25, 1911, the workers at the company were caught unaware by fire that was fast engulfing the factory, which was occupying three floors at the pinnacle a 10-story building.1 The owners of the factory together with the office staff occupying the 10th floor, but for one, managed to escape to the adjacent building via the roof.2 Unfortunately, approximately 148 employees who were occupying the ninth and eighth floors were trapped in the desirous building. Trapped in the sweatshop, the women tried in vain to force locked doors open while others threw themselves from windows. During the fire, onlookers and firefighters were taken aback to discover that there was no entrance to the building.3 The hoses length could only reach the sixth floor of the building. different impromptu approaches to rescue the trapped workers yielded no fruit.4 Following the tragedy, the owners of the company, Isaac Harris and Max Blanck, were arraigned only to be acquitted after two hours. This verdict caused indignation among union organizers like the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (I.L.G.W.U.) representing the plight of young-bearing(prenominal) workers across the country. The union pushed for change and demanded the enactment of better safety laws.In order to respond effectively to emerging social and economic challenges resulting rapid industrialization, the progressive regime focused of reforms and law implementation to reign the problems and ensure better lives for Americans. The progressive era (1890-1920) was characterized with numerous swift responses to

Reserach Methodology Essay Example for Free

Reserach Methodology Essay3.1 search DesignThis study is a quantitative-descriptive in nature where the decision is to describe the train of scholarly persons satisfaction on services provided by the school towards the readjustment system through with(predicate) quantitative inquiry method to quantify and reflect in numbers the musing made of the respondents being studied (Sampa, 2012). It attempts to explore and explain while providing additional information about the topic. This is where research is trying to describe what is happening in more detail, filling in the missing parts and expanding our understanding. This is also where as much information is collected as possible instead of making guesses or elucidate models to predict the future the what and how, rather than the why. The researchers used a modified questionnaire which answers the first two objectives of this study which is the terminus to which students meets and/or exceeds their expectations and percep tions towards the enrollment system provided by the University of Mindanao.3.2 Research RespondentsThe respondents of this study were the students of University of Mindanao selected randomly according to their year level and their type (freshmen, gray-headed student, and transferee).3.2.1 PopulationPopulation, statistically, refers to the entire aggregate of items, i.e., group of people or element, who shargons common even out of characteristics or interest, from which try ons can be drawn, in which the researcher wishes to investigate. University of Mindanao has large population of students from both Bolton Campus and Matina Campus, hence, the population refers to the University of Mindanao students who are enrolled in Matina Campus.3.2.2 Sampling FrameSampling Frame refers to the target population. In this study, 60 respondents was selected from students currently enrolled in Matina Campus.3.2.3 Types of Sampling TechniqueThe researcher chose the simple random sampling whereby every element is selected independently and the sample is drawn by a random procedure fromthe sampling frame. Sekaran(2003) as cited by Abdullah (2005) points out that through simple random sampling technique, all elements in the population are carefully weigh and individually element has an equal chance of being chosen as the subject. If the main objective of this study is to popularise the ability of the findings to the whole population then, this sampling design is best suited.3.2.4 Sampling SizeIt is concerned with how legion(predicate) people that should be perspectiveed. The sample size larger than 30 and less than 500 are grab for most research (Roscoe (1975) cited by Abdullah ( 2005)). It is believe that large sample generates inevitable results than smaller samples. However, it is not requisite to sample the entire target population or even a material portion to rich person reliable results. With this, the researcher only chose 60 sample units as the sampling size ra ndomly collect to the time constraints, cost and other human resources. Sixty questionnaires were being distributed to respondents who are currently enrolled in Matina Campus.3.3 Research InstrumentsThe researchers used a survey questionnaire in checklist form. This instrument was modified by the researchers to establish the level of students satisfaction on enrolment system provided by University of Mindanao. The instrument determined, among others, the gender, type of student (freshmen, old student and transferees), and year level of the respondents. The Itemized Rating Scale survey was the selected questionnaire type as this enabled the respondents to answer the survey easily. Though, it is somewhat similar to Likert Scale but it uses other than agreement /disagreement item statement. This rating denture requires the subject to indicate his or her level of satisfaction to a statement. In this type of questionnaire, the respondents were given pentad response choices.

Environmental Impact of Aviation Essay Example for Free

Environmental Impact of Aviation EssayToday, the world is fazed by the environmental issues reverberating in different parts of the world. Part of this environmental issue is cogitate on global warming. As part of the whole worlds response on the big relate, laws and policies gravel been drafted. Some of the known environmental policies are Clean Air Act and the Kyoto Protocol. Meanwhile, the Kyoto Protocol is an discernment between different nations, mainly industrialized, adopted on December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan (United Nations Framework principle on Climate Change, 2008). The central function of the protocol is to set a target on the nursery gas emission for member countries (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2008). This is to further drop the impending consequences of the greenhouse effect. Since the overlay of international scientist that climate change is worsening, every sector of the society and all nations have been invited to participate i n activities primarily to help cut gas emissions. Each government of member nations in addition implemented programs in order to reduce the gas emission that is aggravating the global environment situation.For the erstwhile(prenominal) years, the reality of the phenomenon has been severally debated, even among politicians. Eventually, environment was considered as priority in the policy making. Additionally, the international concern on global warming has reached every sector, big or small, in the society. Among the transmission line sectors, rules and regulations have withal been adopted internationally in order that a standard of environmentally hazardous substances be eliminated or minimized. An example could be the non use of lead. In Europe, the Restriction on Hazardous Substances was adopted and impose upon all its suppliers worldwide (ROHS, 2008).According to the guidelines, minimum amount of the hazardous substances should be maintained. Hence, quality of the product de pends on the substances comprising the product. The environmental issue, however, is non only limited to gas emissions and global warming. Instead it covers all kinds of pollution. In the field of breeze, policies and guidelines on environmental form as well apply. Aviation plays a vital role in transportation. It is the easiest, fastest, and more well-off means in transporting people and goods from one border to another or from nation to nation.Being an natural factor in the growth of economy, it also has an essential contribution to global warming and other environmental problems. Remarkably, the aviation contributes to various environmental problems. One of the major problems faced by aviation industry is the upset pollution being suffered by the residence nearby airports (Kutz, 2008). At present, the aviation is one among the growing business opportunities. Since new and more improved planes have been introduced, the air traffic also increases. As such, there is also int ensification of the environmental concerns.The second environmental problem affecting the industry is the climate change. Climate change is the initiatory environmental phenomenon that is twoering the international community. In addition, it is believed to be the cause of the drastic change in weather and the growth of illnesses. The third major problem being caused by aviation is the poor air quality (Kutz, 2008). on the whole these environmental concerns are mandated by laws to be addressed by the aviation industry. In the field of aviation, blat is widely known for being the worlds leading airport troupe (House of Commons, et.al. , 2004). At present, it is operate eight airports namely Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, S issuehampton, and Naples (BAA, 2008). At present, its success still continues to shine and more developments are being plan in the future. In a deal propounded by the BAA for year 2005-2006, the comp each laid cumulation in detail s the achievements and plans of each airport. Aside from that, it also presented its financial disk operating systemment to show the financial operation of the political party. At a glance, the company has indeed a successful and is in a stable financial status.The over-all operation and employee handling are excellent. According to Mick Temple, Divisional Director, the company recognizes the existence of the environmental issues (Temple). But, the draw of BAA did not actually addressed all issue about environment related to air lane or airport. In addition, the BAA presented its report in a categorical yet orderly manner. after presenting the achievements, developments, and plans of each airport, the BAA also discussed issues faced by the company. It has qualify corporal responsibilities. In scrutinizing the report, the BAA did not actually address all environmental problems.As stated earlier, aviation industry is challenged by problems on poor air quality, noise pollution, and climate change. In the report of the BAA, the report laid down the corporate responsibilities of the company but in a summarized and general form. Although it has addressed all the problems cited, it did not actually specified its future plan, present programs, current status and its over-all stand on the impending environmental problems. In addressing the environmental problem on air quality, the report stated its concern on the problem that is affecting both local and national (Temple).Notably, airports around emits nitrogen dioxide and other fine particles that have negative effect on heath and environment (BAA, 2008). In addition, it has stressed on governments declaration of Heathrows compliance to EU Air Quality Standard (Temple). Contributing to poor air quality, however, are M4 and M25 traffic (BAA, 2008). Likewise, the report exactly added measures it can implement in order to comply with the standard. These measures include investing in world transport, promoting al ternative fuels for airport- based vehicles, and using charges to penalise aircraft with poorer emissions standards (Temple, p.35). However, no other reports were propounded to show that these measures have been adopted. Furthermore, the company merely reiterates its desire to round its emission while extending help to other companies with deliberate to the problem. As to noise pollution, the aviation is considered as one among the major contributor due to noise caused by take offs and landings? taxiing, and engine tests (BAA, 2008). With regard to BAAs stand on noise pollution, the company has laid down its strategies in minimizing the noise.In addition, it stated its desire to work with local government, airlines, and air traffic controllers to jointly implement these strategies. First strategy is the encouragement on the use of quieter new aircraft and engine by the manufacturers (Temple). The second strategy is giving reciprocate to those airlines using a quieter aircrafts. The fourth strategy is the improvement of compliance with quieter operating practices (Temple). The last strategy is relate with updates of information by keeping the noise-sufferers informed better (Temple).Today, the company is doing its part in addressing the complaints of those affected by the noise of airports. Furthermore, on the most relevant environmental issue on climate change, the company proudly stressed its target of 15% reduction on its carbon dioxide emission by 2010, which is even higher(prenominal) than the standard (Temple). The companys strategy is focused on push button efficiency and renewable energy (Temple). Moreover, it has also implied its adherence to Emission occupation which allows business in capable of achieving the target to buy permits from those industries that are capable but only within an overall cap (Temple).At present, the company is lobbying for the recognition of the emission trading to be an acceptable mechanism in greenhouse gas emission. In addition, in its desire to reduce the impact of climate change, the company is move in investing into new energy efficient technology, sourcing out more renewable energy, reducing emissions of vehicles in the airport, among others (BAA, 2008). Based on the above mentioned, the report of BAA whitethorn be said to have mentioned the major environmental problems faced by airlines and airports. However, it was not able to state its impact on environment.It did not also laid down the programs it has adopted to address the issue. But nevertheless, it has accepted its role in the environment. By looking into the context of the report, is can be said that the company has been below the belt assessed. It is unfair on the reason that the report presented more on the developments, future plans, and achievements of the company but did not directly addressed on the corporate responsibilities. It is true that corporate responsibility have been include in the middle part, but there is no c lear stand of the company.The report stressed on the companys plan to expand, increase passengers, intensify investment but there are no more details as to the companys action on environmental issues. Significantly, it did not state any of its achievements in helping in the abatement of the environmental problems. It merely presented it strategies but no update has been included as to the implementation and status of the company. Interestingly, the report of the Managing Directors of each airport has concentrated on the importance of shareholders. Hence, the report was concentrated on the good sides about the company.Airports and airlines are considered as one among the places vulnerable of being attacked by terrorist groups. Notably, in 2007, Glasgow Airport has been attacked by terrorists (BAA, 2008). On that very threatening day, the company has been given an idea on the loopholes on the airports security. It is also of no doubt that millions of passengers and employees come in a nd out of the airport. In line with this, the treat of terrorism has made passenger paranoid about guard. Hence, it is but necessary that safety should be the paramount concern of the company.In response to the attack in July, 2007, the company declared its allegiance in making its passengers secure. As part of its response, the company has closely worked with the Department for Transport (DfT) for guidance on its security measures (Temple). Moreover, in concurrence with the governments standard, the company has conducted a full range review of its security systems (Temple). In order to show its sincerity in making its airports secured and safe, the company has started using expert innovations such as hold-baggage screening, new security screening and x-ray screening (Temple).In line with the companys purpose of ensuring safety and health of its passengers and employees, policies and programs have been adopted. Additionally, according to the report, the companys stance on securit y is that it is considering it as a crucial issue. Aside from its possible effect on the companys reputation, it also recognizes its effect on passengers experiences. As such, the company works closely with the government agencies, armed forces, and police force force in order to upgrade its security system and match with that of government security (Temple). Furthermore, it has committed itself to comply with regulations concerning safety.In accordance with this, the Health, Safety, Security and Environment (HSSE) Executive Committee have been founded with the primary final stage of determining and addressing these issues affecting the company (Temple). With the growing environmental concern, some say that aviation industry is not a sustainable business. However, BAA has proven this statement wrong. In order that environmental issue be addressed and at the same time maintain or increase the profitability of the company, the company may enhance its training on environmental awaren ess to its employees and passengers.In addition, carbon dioxide emission can be reduced through the use of biodeisel and other alternative energy. Moreover, through reducing its flight, the company could decrease its environmental impact but can increase profit because all flights would be certainly be filled. another(prenominal) measure could be on the retail sector. Since the airports are open for stores, environmental measures should also be imposed upon them. Some of the policy that can be adopted is the ban on non-recyclable things. Through this measure, all mess up coming from stores would be put to recycling areas.Finally, the company could enhance its pro- environment policies despite cost on its part. This way, the cost would be repaid by the loyalty and continued patronage of the passengers.ReferencesBAA. (2008). Corporate Responsibility. Retrieved October 31, 2008, from http//www. baa. com/portal/site/nonpayment/menuitem. a875fc32913746f398a5e186c02865a0/. House of Commo ns, Great Britain Parliament Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee. (2004). International Challenge of Climate. London The stationery Office. Kutz, M. (2008).Environmentally Conscious Transportation. London John Wiley and Sons. ROHS. (2008). Restriction on the Use of hazardous Substances (ROHS). Retrieved October 31, 2008, from http//www. rohs. gov. uk/. Temple, M. (2008). BAA one-year Report 2005/06. Corporate Responsibility. Retrieved October 31, 2008, from http//www. baa. com/assets//B2CPortal/Static%20Files/BAA_Annualreport_05-06. pdf. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2008). Kyoto Protocol. Retrieved October 31, 2008, from http//unfccc. int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830. php.

The Impact of Substance Abuse on the Adolescent Population Essay Example for Free

The Impact of import Ab expend up on the Adolescent Population EssayIntroduction collar the scope of medicine handling and addiction in the world completelyows knowing the prevalence among various populations and researching the m whatever riseness and social consequences. The coupled States is both the largest producer of dose research in the world and the worlds only drug-control superpower. The synchronic leadership in social science and world seasonnda setting is non the run of a symbiotic cozy urgeual tellingship between Ameri bathroom research and policy making.During adolescence, friends and friends vex far to a greater ex ext authoritative than onward, and intimate geological geological geological date relationships become primary interests (Laursen Williams, 1997). Along with these important keep upmental changes, however, come increase jeopardys of gestation period, versedly transmitted disease, and demoralize by and toward date partne rs (Leaper Anderson, 1997). As well, alcohol and drug call and handle enters the picture, which may contribute to the occurrence of the otherwise run a hazard behaviors (Milgram, 1993 National Center on addiction and pith Abuse, 1999). Although whatsoever(prenominal) of these developments be harmless, there is a ripening aw beness of the importance of raising and saloon to increase striplings private steady-goingty and responsibility.Not surprisingly, prominent adolescent stakeiness behaviors argon alcohol and drug malignment, unsafe intimate behavior, and geological dating force out-shargon many of the same contributing risk factors, although to important and differing degrees. These involve problems cerebrate to the family, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as family affair and emphasis, poor relationship attachment, advance(prenominal) and persistent behavior problems, as well as peer and academic problems, such(prenominal) as give instruction failure, peer rejection, and exposure to community violence.In addition to the above, stripling pregnancy, early shake upual intercourse, and risky intimate behaviors are associated with early flak of puberty, truancy, and delinquency (Kilpatrick, Acierno, Saunders, Resnick, Best, 2000). In the absence seizure of compensatory factors, such as education and social competency, these varied risk factors can contribute to or become risk behaviors (e.g., alcohol use is associated with juvenile pregnancy and violence).Common ElementsA common family piece install among teens who plunge in these high risk behaviors is the amount of time spent with come in proper adult contact or supervision (Dishion, Capaldi, Spracklen, Li, 2005). Not surprisingly, children who grow up in caring and supportive homes are to a greater extent in all likelihood to resist risky behaviors, while children who reach grown up witnessing or experiencing alcohol step or violence in their homes, having poor fami ly structure and insecure attachment- associate experiences are more(prenominal) than than in all probability to be less resistant to these same risky, un healthy behaviors.A description of the time, gender, and ethnic identities of youth who pledge in high risk behavior is provided by the callowness hazard Behavior Surveillance, which tracks data regarding many health risk behaviors for adolescents in the United States. According to this data, black youth, for example, get across profoundly higher rates of sexual intercourse before age 13 than do Whites and Hispanics, while White youth report the highest trains of force sexual intercourse. ominous youth too report less alcohol use at go sexual intercourse and higher condom use than do White and Hispanic youth. Not surprisingly, masculines report more alcohol use before the age of 13 than egg-producing(prenominal)s, across all ethnic throngs (YRBSS). However, these data on prevalence of self-reported adolescent r isk behaviors is descriptive only, and tells lilliputian intimately the linguistic contextual factors contributing to such risk. part looking closer at some of the factors that may contribute to the mentioned risk behaviors, the one can see that alcohol use among teenagers re main(prenominal)s prevalent in todays society. A national probability judge of 4,023 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 found that 15% of the sample employ alcohol, 10% used marijuana, and 2% reported hard drug use in the ago year (Kilpatrick et al. 2000).Although some alcohol consumption among adolescents is make outed prescriptive, there is great concern for the subroutine of teens who are exhibiting signs of alcohol abuse or dependence with 7% of the above sample meeting diagnostic criteria for alcohol, marijuana, or hard drug abuse or dependence. Trends in alcohol use reported in the juvenility Risk Behavior field indicate that replete drunkenness (five or more drinks on one occasion durin g the 30 days prior to the survey) has shown little variation over the past several days, ranging from 31.3% in 1991 to 33.4% in 1997 to 31.5% in 1999 (Centers for Disease Control, 2000). Binge crapulence continues to be a problem among youth and needs to be targeted specifically.Importantly, studies brook found that alcohol use influenced the practice or involvement in a number of other defective behaviors. Sexual activity, smoking, and drinking and driving were significantly related to heavy drinking. A nonher memorise examining trauma experiences among adolescents found that those who reported alcohol abuse or dependence were 6-12 quantify more likely to soak up a history of childishness physical abuse, and 18-21 times more likely to relieve oneself a sexual abuse history (Clark, Lesnick, Hegedus, 2001). The move increase in alcohol consumption among teenagers is cause for concern, particularly as it relates to and influences other risk factors and behaviors.adolescent Addiction, Recovery and Relapse These three (3) aspects are critical elements of this discussion because they are more closely related to evanesce other than originally recognized. jejune addiction has often been coupled to the risk factors that will be discussed in the later segments of this paper (Kilpatrick et al. 2000). Teen addiction is often tally to exposure to risk factors. The causative link that has been found is that the risk activities that teens are exposed to often lead to drug addiction and dependency. Alternatively, those that align themselves in drug related problems are often too found to take part in risk activities.The second element, teen convalescence is likewise connected to all of these factors in that the success of recovery treatment depends highly not solely on the teens non-exposure to drugs but also with the onanism from all of those risk factors such as drinking, smoking and healthier dating relationships. Finally, this section will also sh ed light on the relapse rate which has also been found to be closely related to alcohol and smoking problems. As found in most studies, continued use of non-drug addictive substances also increases the relapse rate especially among teens. As previously mentioned, teen addiction is often attributed to many diametric factors. The foremost among these factors remain peer pressure, troubled childhood and lack of parental and substitute parental counselor (e.g. teachers). These are well documented causes of teen drug addiction which will only be short discussed. season there are theories that suggest it may not be just one genius element that promotes teen drug addiction, it cannot be denied that the aforementioned factors when taken together do increase the chances of teen drug addiction. Given this fact, once these factors are added with the risk factors such as social acceptance which leads to increased sexual activity, drug addiction not only becomes guaranteed but continued sub stance abuse well into the late teens is also certified.In the book entitled, help of Drug Users in General Practice a harm reduction approach, it has been found that addiction to drugs is not always the primary addictive element and that in certain cases the addiction is to the other benefits derived from drug addiction that individuals recover more appealing such as social acceptance and increased sexual activity (Phillips 2004). The issue of recovery, as discussed in Care of Drug Users in General Practice a harm reduction approach often cites that recovery is base on the same factors that caused the addiction but to a varying extent (Phillips 2004). This basically nitty-gritty that in put up for one to enter voluntarily, which has been found to make believe to lowest relapse rate, into drug refilling weapons platforms, there is a need for the external aid. The cause which began the substance abuse ingrained also be willing to aid the individual in the rehabilitation sta ge. An example of this would be sexually lively teenagers who exertion rehabilitation but fail due to one of the partners refusal to enter the same program. Teens are at a very impressionable stage and in order to be able to reach out to them one mustiness be able to reach out to their peers. This is easier said than done, however, since the clannish reputation of most teenagers makes it almost impossible to be able to get on a more promiscuous mortalal level with any of them (Phillips 2004). Most drug rehabilitation programs buzz off begun implementing peer outreach programs where the organizeer prospered teen patients volunteer to help the centers in reaching out to the troubled youth. Finally, the problem of relapse must also be discussed. Relapse is often a greater problem than getting the addict to rehabilitation. The reasonableness for this is that haveing the dissociation with drugs and the related elements requires constant vigilance without outside intervention ( Phillips 2004). Most of the problems that teen addicts face by and by rehabilitation lies in breaking away from comfortable and familiar ties who are often still exposed to the drug elements to which the teen seeks to break ties from. on that point is a lot of literature on this matter which suggests that drug rehabilitation programs should equally pay attention to the check out stage of most recovered addicts. While there is success in getting the addict to quit, for the time being, success can only be measured in its entirety. In this dangerous and socially important aspect, partial success does not suppose as a victory (Phillips 2004). What truly matters is getting the teen to totally isolate himself or herself from any factor which may bring or so a relapse. In order to tackle this problem, it is important to maintain peer programs such as the AA and the like that have constant monitors on their members. at that tail end are programs that have already instituted these type s of programs but most have failed due to the lack of commitment by most of its members (Phillips 2004). Teen drug addiction is not an easy problem to admit as most teens often find themselves in denial of their addiction and take it instead as a growing pain that everyone goes by means of (Phillips 2004). Yet, as revealed earlier, the teen drug abuse rates reveal a different story. at that placefore, in order to address the problem of drug relapse, most teenagers must be able to realize that the addiction was not just a part of growing up but quite an experience that is avertable and must not be repeated.Teen Treatment Systems This section will briefly tackle the issue on treatment systems such as counseling or outpatient operate and its effects on the adolescent population whether it is helpful or only helpful when combined. At the onset, it must be stated that as a part of the rehabilitation system, the issue on counseling and/or outpatient advantages is critical. As previo usly mentioned in the prior section, many of the treatment systems that have been implemented do not focus solely on counseling alone but also admit other treatments such as outpatient serves and cheating(a) activities (Philips 2004). Counseling, as discussed in a number of studies, is only effective up to a certain extent. While generally considered as a more passive approach to treatment, newer and more dynamic systems have also been added to the treatment (Botvin 2005). It has been found that counseling is only the initial abuse in teen substance abuse rehabilitation. It must be complemented by more dynamic systems as teen outreach programs. The value of an addict for his or her life is greatly increased when seen in the context of aiding the community. These new treatment systems have been developed specifically to target teens. The reason for this is that it allows for the effective isolation from the harmful and detrimental substance abuse elements and allows the addict or individual to be reintroduced as a productive member of society and the community (Botvin 2005). The second step in this process is the outpatient service that is offered. The problem of relapse is common among teenagers and as such effective outpatient services to monitor the teens is necessary. The greatest danger comes from not being able to maintain the positive and productive environment for the adolescent. This is perhaps the single most important step in keeping the teens from relapsing into substance abuse (Botvin 2005).Teen Addiction and Risk FactorsAs such, it is also relevant to discuss how addiction manifests itself in relation to certain aspects such as risky behavior because certain studies have shown that drug addiction is step up by these elements as well.Dating human relationshipsTeens generally begin dating, either singly or in subtile groups, between 13 and 18 long time of age, with a range of variability regarding frequency, level of parsimony, unspoiledne ss, and importance of these relationships. An exercise of dating, intimacy, and sexual experiences and expectations is provided by an in-depth survey conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation and YM Magazine, involving 650 boys and girls ages 13-18 years (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and YM Magazine, 1999). They discovered levels or stages of intimacy that developed by age of the youth that is, intimacy progressed as the youth developed in age chronologically, not as the relationship progressed in length.Most 13-14-year-old teens (72%) reported that it is typical for dating couples their age to kiss, with 45% reporting that French kissing, petting (15%), and intercourse (4%) are expected. Adolescents 15-16 years of age expected an increased level of sexual activity, with 93% reporting kissing, and slightly higher rates of French kissing (71%), petting (48%), and intercourse (28%) as normative. Couples at this age typically spend more time alone together. Older teens (ages 17-1 8 years) have significantly more sexual experience, with 57% reporting petting to be typical and slightly more than half (52%) reporting intercourse to be typical of their dating relationships.Just as intimacy becomes more involved and prevalent in sr. teens relationships, so does the significance of the relationship. Although teens continue to value relationships with parents, siblings, other family members, and nonrelated adults, relationships with dating partners begin to gain in importance. Gender differences emerge in how relationships develop in significance and conversance during the adolescent years.A study of the network of relationships among younger adolescents found that dating partners were ranked 6th out of 7 in cost of support received (i.e., companionship, intimacy, instrumental help, affection, enhancement of worth, nurturance of the other, and reliable alliance). By mid-adolescence, dating partners were tied for second place with mothers and, in college, males r ated their dating partner as the most supportive person in their network, while females gave equally high ratings to partners, same sex friends, siblings, and mothers (Furman Buhrmester, 2002).A similar study comparing dating and non-dating adolescents found older adolescents and males interacted more frequently with romantic clinical Issues in Intervention dating partners, whereas younger adolescents and females divided their social interaction time among several relationships (Laursen Williams, 1997). What is not clearly understood, however, is how these relationships emerge in early adolescence, and how these relationships transform over the course of adolescence. Gender differences in expectations and constriction may lead to conflict and tension in dating relationships, if these expectations are not clearly understood or reciprocated.Patterns for more high-risk youth (e.g., those involved in dropout barroom and election school programs) stand in contrast to these normativ e patterns. Of high-risk youth, 35% report being 13 years or younger at starting signal intercourse, 33% were 14-15 years old, and 13% were 16 years or older (OHara et al., 2003). Obviously, youth with other risk behaviors (such as alcohol abuse or school problems) are more likely to also engage in high-risk sexual behavior.Monitoring dating abuse and violence among adolescents is fairly new. Surveys of high school students report 36%-45% of students experience any form of violence in the relationship as a victim or perpetrator (OKeefe Treister, 2003). Recently, a measure of physical abuse in dating relationships has been added to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Intentional physical violence, including being hit, slapped, or physically hurt on solve by a boyfriend or girlfriend, was reported by 8.8% of youth in the 2005 Youth Risk Behavior survey (YRBSS, 2005).A series of focus group studies with adolescent males and females ages 14-19 years regarding teen dating relationships r evealed many disturbing attributions regarding harassment and abuse in dating relationships. Factors that caused violence as reported by the teens were grouped into individual, couple, and social levels (Lavoie, Robitaille, Hebert, 2000). Individual factors attributed to the aggressor included jealousy, the boys need for power, and alcohol and drug use.During focus group discussions, youth identified factors attributed to the victim including provocation by the girl, previous experience with violence, a victim reputation type (i.e., one who is easily preyed upon), and a strong need for affiliation. Factors attributed to the couple included communication problems and sadomasochism. There was endorsement for consensual violent sex, meaning that a little force during intimacy was considered acceptable as long as both partners agreed. Although consensual, the youth did regard this as sometimes being problematic because partners have agreed to the violence, but may not be sure when one or the other has then(prenominal) crossed the line. Teens in this study frequently attributed blame for violence in the relationship to the victim.Importantly, physical violence in a dating relationship has different ramifications for males and females. While there is a trend to desire that males and females are equally violent, there is evidence that females perpetrate more violence than males out of self-defense. There are also differences in the severity of violence experienced, as well as the bushel it has on the victim (Foshee, 2006). A study of high school dating violence revealed that girls experienced significantly more unforgiving physical violence than boys (Jackson, Cram, Seymour, 2000).Females were more likely to be punched and to be forced into sexual activity, whereas males were more likely to be pinched, slapped, scratched, and kicked. The physical effects of the violence were more severe for females, with 48% reporting that it hurt a lot or caused bruises (29%) . Males (56%) more frequently reported that it did not hurt at all. Reaction to the lash incident of violence in the relationship also was assessed. Males most frequently reported that they laughed (54%) in chemical reaction to the situation, while females reported a number of other responses crying (40%), running away (11%), and fighting plump for (36%) 12% reported that they obeyed their partner.Sexual assault and forced sexual intercourse also occur at an alarming rate during adolescence (9-10% of first sexual intercourse experiences were forced). Males perpetrate more sexual dating violence than females, and females sustain more sexual violence than males (Foshee, 2006).Sexual Activity among AdolescentsWhile it is easy to track female pregnancy rates, adolescent males are typically not researched or surveyed regarding their histories of fathering pregnancies. A study of urban African-American male youth regarding pregnancy history and other health-risk behaviors indicated that 24.2% reported a pregnancy history. These males were 14 times more likely to report three or more sex partners in the last year, more than five times as likely to report a sexually transmitted disease history, and more than three times more likely to test positive for drugs than males without a pregnancy history.Safe sex practices also seem to be of little concern to these males, as they were 2.5 times as likely to be inconsistent or nonusers of condoms during sexual intercourse (Guagliardo, Huang, DAngelo, 2006). Disturbingly, a study of youth in dropout interdiction and alternative school programs assessed for risk of HIV/ aid legal community found that use of alcohol and drugs and age of sexual initiation were significantly associated with a high risk profile ile for AIDS/HIV (OHara et al., 2003). Males (29%) were more likely than females (14%) to use alcohol and drugs before having sex and were more than likely to have had sex with two or more partners (males, 78% females, 2 2%).Early onset of sexual intercourse is cause for concern, particularly as it increases the likelihood of increased numbers of sexual partners and condom nonuse during the adolescent. Increased numbers of sexual intercourse partners has been correlated with risk behaviors such as unintended pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, and other sexually transmitted diseases. Connections between dating violence and alcohol use were found to be among the strongest predictors for an increased number of sexual intercourse partners for Black and White adolescent males and females (Valois, Oeltmann, Waller, Hussey, 2003).Younger dating youth who have older partners may be at greater risk of experiencing dating violence. Not including cases where physical force was threatened or used at first sexual intercourse, 34% of male partners of 11-12 year old females were five or more years older 12% of male partners of 13-15 year old females were five or more years older and 7% of male dating partners of 16-18 year old s were five years or more older (Leitenberg Saltzman, 2000). Although the unlikeness in age range between the male and female partners seems to decrease as females get older, such disparity has important prevention implications.Information about onset of sexual intercourse is available, but reading is scarce about feelings regarding the experience, planning for the event, and discussion regarding birth control or safe sex practices before intercourse has occurred (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and YM Magazine, 1999).Females tend to feel more pressure to participate in some form of sexual activity and are more concerned about what friends, peers, and the dating partner think of them. pauperism for initiation of sexual intercourse has not been significantly examined. Predictors for early initiation of sexual intercourse include a belief that they are more mature than their peers, early physical maturity, a tendency to use hard drugs, and a desire for earlier autonomy from pare nts (Rosenthal, Smith, de Visser, 1999).Research regarding individual risk factors and risk behaviors has been conducted to begin with in isolation. Recently, research into how these many behaviors are related has begun to take place. Making the links between these factors and behaviors may have important consideration when designing prevention programs.Making the LinksThe links between adolescent risk behaviors described above merit careful investigation. While it is understood that these behaviors do not usually occur in isolation, there seems to be no clear taking into custody of how they operate together, and what the ramifications might be for adolescent dating relationships. The survey data presented earlier shows that some adolescents begin drinking at an early age, and many begin to experience sexual intercourse at an early age. Undoubtedly, there are serious health ramifications to these issues (i.e., potential for pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, alcohol and o ther drug dependence, and increased aggression). Typically, researchers have considered these ramifications in the context of the individual, a lot depends on the occurrence of these behaviors in peer and dating relationships, and the possible impact on individuals and relationships.Linking Alcohol and Sexual ActivityA report written by the Center on Addiction and inwardness Abuse used data from two prominent surveys in the United States the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Survey and the 1995 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, regarding adolescent risk behaviors to develop a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the connections among alcohol, drug use, and all aspects of sexual activity and violence (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1999). Again, the links among dating violence and alcohol and sex are not explicit. However, significant findings from this report reveal that teens who use alcohol and drugs are more likely to have sexual intercourse, go sexu al intercourse at an earlier age, have multiple sex partners, and be at greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy.Early onset of drug use and number of years of sexual intercourse has been found to be associated with increased numbers of sex partners. In addition, students with more partners are more likely to be heavier drug users. The Kaiser Family Foundation study found that almost two in ten (17%) teens, aged 13-18, who have had an intimate encounter, admit having done something sexual while under the influence of drugs or alcohol that they otherwise might not have done. one in three (32%) girls, 17-18 years of age, have had this experience.Linking Alcohol and Intimate ViolenceThe links between alcohol use and marital aggression have been documented, but the same attention has not been shown to adolescent dating relationships. Only recently have questions regarding dating violence been added to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (Centers for Disease Control, 2000 ). Substance abuse is frequently linked with sexual violence. Alcohol has been named the primary culprit for date rape on college campuses (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1999).A study of college men and women found that 78% of undergraduate women experienced sexual aggression, and 57% of men reported being sexually aggressive. Dates that included sexual aggression were more likely to include heavy drinking or drug use, in comparison to the last date that did not include sexual aggression. Among high school students, experiencing dating violence has been identified as a salient risk factor for females for using alcohol or street drugs, and increases the odds 20-fold for alcohol and drug use (Wekerle, Hawkins, Wolfe, 2001).There is a move toward establishing a better understanding of the significance and links among adolescent risk behaviors. With this understanding comes a need to develop new prevention programs that deal with these risk behaviors in a broader se nse, quite a than in isolation.Adolescent Risk Behavior and Drug Prevention ProgramsPrevention programs developed over the past decade have been targeted specifically at adolescents for a number of risk behaviors dating violence, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, pregnancy prevention, safe sex programs, and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, to name a few. Literature reviews and program evaluation studies point to the conclusion that programs may be happy at providing discipline and delaying onset of the risk activity, but long-term prevention of the focused risk behavior is seldom achieved.Evaluation of prevention programs in all of these areas has been limited due to methodological problems, such as inadequate standardized measures, ambiguity of terms (e.g., defining dating relationships), lack of multiple informants and control groups, lack of trained facilitators, and long-term follow-up issues. near programs are developed for familiar prevention, while others are target ed at groups considered to be at greater risk based on presence of known risk factors.Undoubtedly, good prevention programs are derived from supposition, input from youth, and practice. There are several theories that have contributed to the creation of prevention programs for dating violence, substance abuse, and pregnancy or safe sex education. Social learning possible action postulates that youth are vulnerable as a result of the social environment in which they are raised.Negative family, peer, and community influences will contribute to risk for adapting to oppose behaviors. Problem behavior theory relies on the belief that some youth may have a natural tendency for deviance or nonconformity and, therefore, may be more likely to engage in problem behaviors. Adolescents may engage in alcohol consumption or early onset of sexual intercourse because they perceive it as a means to achieve a goal, that is, peer acceptance, or to cope with boredom, unhappiness, anxiety, or rejecti on (Botvin Botvin, 2002)Theory and model testing of problem behaviors in a recent study of early adolescents found support for a model that included specific factors related to aggression, drug use, and dilapidated behaviors, and a higher order problem behavior factor (Farrell, Kung, White, Valois, 2006).Life-skills training programs that have been developed based on problem behavior theory are built on the philosophy that targeting the underlying determinants (such as personal and social competence skills) will affect the factors that cause the risk behavior. Similarly, social bonding theory links healthy attachments to family and school as factors that protect youth from deviant behavior unhealthy attachments are regarded as risk factors (Farrell, Kung, White, Valois, 2006).Instead of focusing on preventing something negative from happening to youth, some recent programs underline youth involvement and empowerment, which shifts the focus to promoting positive youth developmen t. In this approach, youth are considered as assets and resources rather than problems or targets. Prevention programs, such as the Youth Relationships Program have expanded the role of theory to include youth empowerment as a central theme in educating youth about positive, healthy relationships program and the avoidance of violence and abuse.Several factors have been identified as being essential components of prevention programs among adolescents, regardless of the topic. The location of the program is often debated as to whether schools or other community service agencies are better. In the case of sexuality and education prevention programs, there is no question that these programs should be offered in schools however, what programs should be taught remain a concern (Kirby Coyle, 1997). Some groups favor teaching self-restraint until spousals only, while others favor education regarding contraception and sexuality. Similarly, dating violence prevention programs have been off ered in schools and in community service agencies with varying degrees of success.These programs may be most effective when embedded in a declared school context of zero tolerance for any type of school violence. The advantages of school-based programs include addition to youth, space, and time, and staffing support. The disadvantages include concerns that truant youth, who may need the program most, are not available in the schools disclosures of abuse in the classroom may not be handled well in a large classroom situation a large group may not be a safe place to discuss personal beliefs and attitudes and learning may be limited to only the school context of the individuals life.These concerns notwithstanding, the main advantage of community-based programs has been the development of community partnerships. Although the advantages may not be inherently evident in the results of the prevention program itself (i.e., preventing something bad is hard to prove), such programs appear to reduce duplication of services, increase cooperation and efficiency among service providers, and help integrate services into the community. In turn, communities that have a face-a reputation for cooperative and active prevention-have significantly reduced the perceived and actual levels of violence, even in the poorest neighborhoods (Sampson Morenoff, 1997).Advocates of prevention programs favor sustained, long-term efforts in education to make prevention successful. Programs should be on-going from kindergarten to the final year of high school, and should be especially intensifier just prior to the age of initiation of substance use or similar risk behaviors. Unfortunately, it seems that this does not transfer readily into practice. In the case of sexuality education in Canada, a report by the Council of Ministers of Education indicates that curriculum time in schools available for sexuality education has been reduced as health education becomes combined with physical and caree r education. Fewer public health nurses in schools also firmly reduced the quality and availability of preventive sexual health education services to adolescents (Council of Ministers of Education of Canada, 1999). motherliness prevention and sexuality education programs, while deemed extremely important in reducing teen pregnancy rates and incidence of sexually transmitted disease, are critically received by a number of groups and agencies when being implemented in communities. Differing views regarding how to handle this issue conflict with effective program implementation.For example, some apparitional and moral beliefs dictate that youth should remain abstinent during adolescence, that parents are responsible for protecting their children from negative influences, and that education will positively influence knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. Programs that focus on abstinence or pregnancy prevention have typically been delivered to females only. While females need to take resp onsibility for their choices and actions, males also need to be educated about the same issues in order to make responsible choices as well. Males who have unprotected sex are also at risk of becoming fathers and contracting sexually transmitted diseases (Pierre, Shrier, Emans, DuRant, 2006).Substance abuse prevention programs have typically been school-based and education focused (Botvin Botvin, 2002). Evaluations of earlier programs have consistently found them to be ineffective. One school-based intervention was able to show significant reductions in drug use enduring for six years after implementation of the program. The success of this program was attributed to teaching a combination of resistance and social competence skills, the proper implementation of the program, and sufficient length for program with at least two years of hotshot implementations (Botvin, Schinke, Epstein, Diaz, Borvin, 2005).The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (Brounstein Zweig, 2000) has ident ified six prevention strategies that can be used in combination to develop prevention programs that focus on risk and protective factors for substance abuse, including entropy dis semination, prevention education, alternatives, problem identification and referral, community-based process, and environmental approaches. The Center for Substance Abuse Prevention has recently realised an analysis of substance abuse prevention programs that have been evaluated.Rigorous statistical criteria for evaluation were adopted, resulting in the translation of eight model programs which have adopted a combination of these prevention strategies, representing a number of age groups, as well as universal, selective, and indicated prevention for children and youth (Brounstein Zweig, 2000). Of all these programs, only one included information regarding sex or health education, and one provided information and skills for violence and gang prevention and conflict resolution. Although these programs we re successful in reducing risk factors and increasing protective factors, they did not demonstrate alcohol and drug use prevention.Unfortunately, there are no existing programs that address alcohol and dating violence prevention together. Although some alcohol abuse prevention programs do discuss or deal with aggression, it is usually in the context of community violence not intimate interpersonal violence. A review of prevention programs that focus on teenage sexual risk behavior indicated that they also were narrowly focused to one aspect of this behavior, that is, abstinence only, contraception programs, and HIV/AIDS awareness programs (Kirby Coyle, 2007).It is time to begin linking these risk behaviors together in universal and targeted prevention efforts, focusing on the intimate and personal effects of these risk behaviors on teenage dating relationships. Adolescence provides an chance to enter into discussions regarding the impact, consequence, and prevalence of these behav iors and explore the perceived benefits and drawbacks of these risk behaviors. Prevention programs can offer an opportunity for youth and adults to engage in discussions regarding the motivators for initiating these behaviors and relevant information regarding short term effects.Prevention of specific risk behaviors requires community coordination and varied input. Parents, teachers, school officials, health care workers, and community workers need to be part of strategies to prevent risk behaviors. Community organizations and resources have learned to work collaboratively on a number of issues, including violence, alcohol, drug use, and the prevention of pregnancy.Collaboration and coordination helps to reduce costs and improve efficiency as well as build community. The growing research provides evidence that youth may possess a number of concurrent risk factors for any of the behaviors that are outlined in this chapter. There is overlap among the risk factors and behaviors and, th erefore, prevention programs need to better consider the clustering of these components and develop programs that will address a number of these issues simultaneously (Saner Ellickson, 2006).However, intervention and prevention programs have been weak in helping youth to manage risk and anticipate risky situations in advance. Because all risks cannot be eliminated, youth need to learn how to manage them. Prevention programs that make youth aware of how they may be at increased risk in certain situations and provide skills to deal with or avoid the situation may be most promising.ReferencesBotvin, G.J. Botvin, E.M. (2002). Adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and drug abuse Prevention strategies, empirical findings, and judgment issues. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,13(4) 290-301.Botvin, G.J., Schinke, S., Orlandi, M.A. (2005). School-based health promotion Substance abuse and sexual behavior. 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